Glossary
* AMPS
Advance Mobile Phone System, is a somewhat ironic name for the original cellular system authorized in the US. It uses an analog FM radio link and it is very easy to eavesdrop on it. AMPS is particularly inefficient in use of spectrum compared to any of the digital standards.
* CDMA
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access and refers to a technology for the radio link which utilizes spread spectrum communication with very tightly controlled power levels by all participants. There is currently (2/2000) only one commercial system which uses CDMA, covered by the specifications IS-95 and J-STD-008, and thus the term CDMA is often used to refer to that system.
* Dual Band
Dual band refers to a phone capable of operating in 2 different frequency bands, e.g. both at 800 MHZ cellular and at 1900 MHZ PCS. Not all PCS phones are dual band. When a CDMA phone is dual band, most commonly it means it supports CDMA at 1900 MHZ and AMPS at 800 MHZ. Some phones exist which do both of those and also support CDMA at 800 MHZ; these are usually referred to as tri mode.
* 1G
First Generation. Cellular systems based on analog technology. 1G Wireless systems were designed to carry only voice traffic and were limited by network capacity constraints. 1G networks were typicaly based on AMPS.
* 2G
Second Genereation. Cellular wireless based on digital technology. 2G systems offer increased voice quality and capacity to handle more calls. Historically, 2G systems provided voice and 9.6-14.4 Kbps circuit-switched data service. Today, 2G systems are being replaced by 2.5G and 3G network.
* 2.5G
2.5G refers to technology that is more advanced than 2G, but which does not meet the requirements for 3G. 2.5G technology is added to a 2G network to provide packet-data service and data rates that range from 20 to 40 Kbps. In practice, 2.5G is synonymous with the GPRS technology that has been added to GSM networks.
* 3G
Systems designed to increase voice capacity and provide high-speed data. According to the official ITU definition, a 3G network must provide a minimum of 144 Kbps from a moving location, or up to 2 Mbps from a fixed location. 3G will enable users with high-speed data, advanced global roaming and enhanced multimedia capabilities. CDMA provides the basis for 3G technology, which has been implemented as CDMA2000 and WCDMA (UMTS)
* CDMA2000
Provides a set of specifications which offer enhanced voice and data capacity. CDMA2000 is recognized by the ITU as global standard for 3G wireless systems.
* BTS
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) - the radio part of a wireless network (typically cellular or PCS) that includes the transmitters and receivers, antennas and tower that is used to communicate with mobile radios. A BTS is connected to a Base Station Controller (BCS)
* BCS
A Base Station Controller is an automatic coordinator that permits one or more base transceiver stations (BTS) in a wireless network to communicate with a mobile switching center
Read More......
Sunday, September 4, 2011
Tuesday, November 30, 2010
Selling sex in a glass! — Japan's pleasure trades — By BOYÉ LAFAYETTE DE MENTE, 2001.
In Japan, recreational sex was traditionally associated with water, and all of the night-time entertainment trades have long been referred to as the mizu shobai (mee-zoo show-bye) or the "water business."
KYOTO — There is no agreement on how the term mizu shobai came into use. but it is fairly obvious that the extraordinary number of natural hot springs and the ancient Japanese practice of bathing daily (without sexual discrimination) led to the early association of water and pleasure. Shintoism, the native Japanese religion, advocates both scrupulous cleanliness as well as the lusty celebration of human fertility.
It was probably during the heyday of Japan's last great shogunate dynasty (1603-1868), that the term mizu shobai came into use. This was a period that saw the rise of huge bathhouses in which the pleasures of the flesh were as much of an attraction as the hot water, a great network of roadside inns around the country that featured hot baths and sexual release, and the expansion of geisha districts and courtesan quarters in every city in the country.
While organized prostitution was subject to the control of the shogunate government and the 200-plus daimyo (dime-yoe) provincial lords in their own fiefs, it was a legitimate enterprise that was not under a cloud of moral righteousness. The Japanese did not associate sex with sin or with the love of one person for another, and thus over the eons have been spared the suffering imposed on Christian and Muslim people by their religious leaders.
Perhaps the strongest criticism one might make in regard to the sexual mores of feudal Japan is that it was a man's world, with all of the customs and institutions designed to satisfy the needs and whims on men, and generally to ignore those of women. While this was unfair and deplorable, it nevertheless was responsible for many of the feminine characteristics for which Japanese women are known and admired — and, of course, was primarily responsible for the many aspects of the mizu shobai that foreign male visitors to Japan find so fascinating.
However, in present day Japan, the women are getting their revenge. In many ways, the tables have been turned on men, and it is women who call the sexual tunes. Japanese women in general are willing, eager participants in the ongoing play between the sexes, and there is a growing trend for young girls to take the initiative in their relations with men.
THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL
In Japan, as in most countries, sexual activity and drinking alcoholic beverages are closely related. Drinking for ceremonial as well as pleasurable purposes has been an established custom in Japan since mythological times, with sake (sah-kay), or rice wine, having been sanctified by the gods of Shinto as well as temporal leaders.
The Japanese are now among the champion drinkers of the world, imbibing sake, beer, whiskey, vodka and other drinks with equal enthusiasm. Almost everybody in Japan drinks a little now and then, and the majority drink regularly. But somewhat surprisingly, some Japanese are especially sensitive to alcohol, which causes them to flush a deep red after just one or two swallows, and to become drunk (and often sick) after drinking only a modest amount of alcohol.
Certainly not all Japanese are susceptible to this odd condition, and many pride themselves on their ability to drink in great volume. Among most men, being a strong drinker is considered a traditional macho badge, and heavy drinking plays a significant role in the lives of most Japanese businessmen and many professionals.
Japanese drinking etiquette requires that hosts and other members of drinking parties see that each other's glasses never remain empty or low. This results in a great deal of pressure for people to drink fast and heavily, especially at parties and other celebrations where one of the specific goals is to make sure that everyone gets drunk. (The Japanese have traditionally believed that you could not get to really know a person until the person got drunk and ignored etiquette and role-playing.)
It is difficult for visitors to spend very much time in Japan without getting in involved in numerous drinking sessions — or coming up with an acceptable excuse (such as doctor's orders) to refrain. If you do drink but want to control the amount it is a good idea to simulate drunkenness (to whatever degree that is appropriate for the occasion) after only two or three drinks.
Sake has traditionally been the social oil of Japan, and while it has been replaced in overall consumption by beer it remains a standard by which the Japanese measure appreciation of their culture. If you do not drink and enjoy sake, at least on ceremonial occasions, you are not a true Japanese or a true friend of Japan.
THE UBIQUITOUS NOMIYA (NO-MEE-YAH)
The most common feature of Japan's mizu shobai is the nomiya (no-me-yah), which number in the hundreds of thousands. Nomiya means "drinking place." There are several different varieties and classes of drinking establishments. These include what are typically referred to as bars, lounges, nightclubs, and cabarets, along with beer halls, pubs and shops specializing in sake.
There is a great deal of overlapping in the use of these terms but there are basic differences in them, including some that are prescribed by law. One of the most important of these legal differences is that, regardless of what they are called, a nomiya must be licensed as a cabaret to employ hostesses who sit with, dance with, and otherwise personally entertain patrons. Another legal factor is that a place must be licensed as a restaurant to stay open after midnight.
Because they are legally allowed to offer the company of young women, cabarets and so-called night clubs and "hostess bars" have been the crowning glory of Japan's night-time entertainment scene from the early 1950s to the present time.
There are some basic differences in cabarets, night clubs, and hostess bars or lounges. Cabarets and night clubs are usually large, and both may feature live entertainment in addition to their complement of hostesses.
In cabarets, patrons are automatically assigned hostesses as soon as they come in and are seated, and are charged a hostess fee that is more or less based on time as well as on the class and standards of the individual cabaret. If a patron has a favorite hostess, he may request her for an additional fee.
Big spenders may allow more than one hostess per guest to join them at their tables or booths. They may also allow the girls to rotate, giving more girls the opportunity to earn fees. (Some places automatically rotate the hostesses in order to run up the bills of their customers; a ploy that yakuza controlled places routinely use on naive customers, including foreigners.)
Night clubs generally allow patrons to choose whether or not they want the company of hostesses — a concept introduced into the mizu shobai by the founders of the first postwar night clubs in the late 1940s, most of whom were foreigners, including some Americans. These clubs also catered to husbands and wives or girl friends, while cabarets were (and most still are) exclusively for men.
Other points that have traditionally separated cabarets from all the other forms of nomiya is that they are mostly patronized by middle-aged and other businessmen, and for the most part they bill the companies of their clients for payment rather than collect cash from them on an individual basis. This means that the average cabaret customer must establish his credentials and credit before he can charge his bills.
If the individual represents a known company this is usually easy to do. He introduces himself in advance, sometimes with an introduction from someone who is already a regular customer, presents his name card to the cabaret manager, and is thereafter a customer with a credit rating.
The individual's position in the company (title) and the size of the company are fairly clear indications of how much he is authorized to spend on each visit to the cabaret, and this is understood by the cabaret and generally not abused (prices are often more or less understood rather than being set).
THE IZAKAYA (EE-ZAH-KAH-YAH) PUBS
One type of drinking establishment that originated during the Edo period (1603-1868), but was modernized in the 1970s, is known as izakaya (ee-zah-kah-yah), which were working men's taverns in the old days but are now popularly referred to as pubs, and cater especially to the young who have modest entertainment budgets.
Today's izakaya mix the traditional Japanese tavern and the fast-food restaurant concept in a combination that attracts the young in droves. There are many izakaya chains, with Yoro no Taki (Yoe-roe no Tah-kee) being the largest (and rapidly spreading to the American West Coast). Yoro no Taki has some 1,800 branches in Japan, most of which are franchises.
The big attraction of the izakaya are the low prices for the basic alcoholic beverages (sake, beer and shochu), good solid food and the fact that they cater to women as well as men. The main food items at Toro no Taki are sashimi, yakitori, pot dishes, salads, melted cheese on tofu or shrimp, turkey nuggets, and ravioli.
Another of the izakaya chains is Tsuhachi (T'sue-hah-chee), with some 400 outlets), which offers such things as potato pizza, Chinese dishes and desserts of blueberry yogurt and ice cream. Calorie-counts are listed on each item, and ones that are classified as "health foods" are flagged with a pink heart.
Another of the more unusual izakaya is the Murasaki (Muu-rah-sah-kee) chain, which combines the atmosphere of a cafe-bar with a furusato izakaya (fuu-rue-sah-toe ee-zah-kah-yah), or "hometown tavern." With nearly 650 outlets, Murasaki emphasizes food rather than drinks, with such menu choices as whale bacon, salted squid intestines, melted cheese on tofu and Italian salads. Its drinks feature banana, apple and pineapple juices mixed with shochu. Another well-known izakaya chain: Hachitsu.
"SINGING BARS"
One of the most popular types of bar in Japan today is the karaoke (kah-rah-oh-kay) bar, or bars that provide microphones, sound equipment and tape-decks for patrons who want to sing to the company of orchestra-like music. Karaoke means "empty orchestra," and refers to the illusion that the singer is performing with a live orchestra.
There are thousands of such bars in Japan, and it is a matter of personal pride that everyone who goes into such a place, try his or her hand at singing in public. Most Japanese practice singing several songs in private (often for years) so they won't be embarrassed when they are called on to perform in public.
Performing in a karaoke bar means more to most Japanese businessmen than just having a good time. Besides relieving stress and providing personal satisfaction, such performances are seen by many as important to one's overall character and personality — as an accomplishment that is similar to such traditional but now rare arts of calligraphy, and composing haiku poetry, which were marks of cultural attainment.
In explaining the importance of the karaoke bars to foreign guests, the Japanese businessman will often say that you must understand karaoke in order to understand the Japanese, and that if you truly want to communicate with them you must learn how to sing along with them as well as perform on your own. There is a great deal of validity to this firmly held and often expressed belief which obviously accounts for the number and popularity of such bars.
The fact that very few Westerners, particularly Americans, can carry a tune, much less sing decently, is a social handicap when they are in Japan visiting or on business. My advice is to learn at least one song, even if it is as simple as "Old Grey Mare" or "I've Been Working on the Railroad."
Notwithstanding all of the new and different kinds of drinking and carousing establishments Japan, cabarets remain the favorite of middle-aged and older men who can afford the cost because they combine drinking with the attention of very attractive young women who are either available or work very hard to give that impression.
Even though cabaret customers may not end up trysting with their favorite hostesses, they go back time and again for the sexual lift they get— and end up drinking an awful lot of alcohol. For no where in the world have the purveyors of male-oriented "recreation" become more skilled at "selling sex in a glass" than the operators of Japan's cabarets and their cadre of hostesses.
source: http://www.davidappleyard.com/japan/jp23.htm
Read More......
KYOTO — There is no agreement on how the term mizu shobai came into use. but it is fairly obvious that the extraordinary number of natural hot springs and the ancient Japanese practice of bathing daily (without sexual discrimination) led to the early association of water and pleasure. Shintoism, the native Japanese religion, advocates both scrupulous cleanliness as well as the lusty celebration of human fertility.
It was probably during the heyday of Japan's last great shogunate dynasty (1603-1868), that the term mizu shobai came into use. This was a period that saw the rise of huge bathhouses in which the pleasures of the flesh were as much of an attraction as the hot water, a great network of roadside inns around the country that featured hot baths and sexual release, and the expansion of geisha districts and courtesan quarters in every city in the country.
While organized prostitution was subject to the control of the shogunate government and the 200-plus daimyo (dime-yoe) provincial lords in their own fiefs, it was a legitimate enterprise that was not under a cloud of moral righteousness. The Japanese did not associate sex with sin or with the love of one person for another, and thus over the eons have been spared the suffering imposed on Christian and Muslim people by their religious leaders.
Perhaps the strongest criticism one might make in regard to the sexual mores of feudal Japan is that it was a man's world, with all of the customs and institutions designed to satisfy the needs and whims on men, and generally to ignore those of women. While this was unfair and deplorable, it nevertheless was responsible for many of the feminine characteristics for which Japanese women are known and admired — and, of course, was primarily responsible for the many aspects of the mizu shobai that foreign male visitors to Japan find so fascinating.
However, in present day Japan, the women are getting their revenge. In many ways, the tables have been turned on men, and it is women who call the sexual tunes. Japanese women in general are willing, eager participants in the ongoing play between the sexes, and there is a growing trend for young girls to take the initiative in their relations with men.
THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL
In Japan, as in most countries, sexual activity and drinking alcoholic beverages are closely related. Drinking for ceremonial as well as pleasurable purposes has been an established custom in Japan since mythological times, with sake (sah-kay), or rice wine, having been sanctified by the gods of Shinto as well as temporal leaders.
The Japanese are now among the champion drinkers of the world, imbibing sake, beer, whiskey, vodka and other drinks with equal enthusiasm. Almost everybody in Japan drinks a little now and then, and the majority drink regularly. But somewhat surprisingly, some Japanese are especially sensitive to alcohol, which causes them to flush a deep red after just one or two swallows, and to become drunk (and often sick) after drinking only a modest amount of alcohol.
Certainly not all Japanese are susceptible to this odd condition, and many pride themselves on their ability to drink in great volume. Among most men, being a strong drinker is considered a traditional macho badge, and heavy drinking plays a significant role in the lives of most Japanese businessmen and many professionals.
Japanese drinking etiquette requires that hosts and other members of drinking parties see that each other's glasses never remain empty or low. This results in a great deal of pressure for people to drink fast and heavily, especially at parties and other celebrations where one of the specific goals is to make sure that everyone gets drunk. (The Japanese have traditionally believed that you could not get to really know a person until the person got drunk and ignored etiquette and role-playing.)
It is difficult for visitors to spend very much time in Japan without getting in involved in numerous drinking sessions — or coming up with an acceptable excuse (such as doctor's orders) to refrain. If you do drink but want to control the amount it is a good idea to simulate drunkenness (to whatever degree that is appropriate for the occasion) after only two or three drinks.
Sake has traditionally been the social oil of Japan, and while it has been replaced in overall consumption by beer it remains a standard by which the Japanese measure appreciation of their culture. If you do not drink and enjoy sake, at least on ceremonial occasions, you are not a true Japanese or a true friend of Japan.
THE UBIQUITOUS NOMIYA (NO-MEE-YAH)
The most common feature of Japan's mizu shobai is the nomiya (no-me-yah), which number in the hundreds of thousands. Nomiya means "drinking place." There are several different varieties and classes of drinking establishments. These include what are typically referred to as bars, lounges, nightclubs, and cabarets, along with beer halls, pubs and shops specializing in sake.
There is a great deal of overlapping in the use of these terms but there are basic differences in them, including some that are prescribed by law. One of the most important of these legal differences is that, regardless of what they are called, a nomiya must be licensed as a cabaret to employ hostesses who sit with, dance with, and otherwise personally entertain patrons. Another legal factor is that a place must be licensed as a restaurant to stay open after midnight.
Because they are legally allowed to offer the company of young women, cabarets and so-called night clubs and "hostess bars" have been the crowning glory of Japan's night-time entertainment scene from the early 1950s to the present time.
There are some basic differences in cabarets, night clubs, and hostess bars or lounges. Cabarets and night clubs are usually large, and both may feature live entertainment in addition to their complement of hostesses.
In cabarets, patrons are automatically assigned hostesses as soon as they come in and are seated, and are charged a hostess fee that is more or less based on time as well as on the class and standards of the individual cabaret. If a patron has a favorite hostess, he may request her for an additional fee.
Big spenders may allow more than one hostess per guest to join them at their tables or booths. They may also allow the girls to rotate, giving more girls the opportunity to earn fees. (Some places automatically rotate the hostesses in order to run up the bills of their customers; a ploy that yakuza controlled places routinely use on naive customers, including foreigners.)
Night clubs generally allow patrons to choose whether or not they want the company of hostesses — a concept introduced into the mizu shobai by the founders of the first postwar night clubs in the late 1940s, most of whom were foreigners, including some Americans. These clubs also catered to husbands and wives or girl friends, while cabarets were (and most still are) exclusively for men.
Other points that have traditionally separated cabarets from all the other forms of nomiya is that they are mostly patronized by middle-aged and other businessmen, and for the most part they bill the companies of their clients for payment rather than collect cash from them on an individual basis. This means that the average cabaret customer must establish his credentials and credit before he can charge his bills.
If the individual represents a known company this is usually easy to do. He introduces himself in advance, sometimes with an introduction from someone who is already a regular customer, presents his name card to the cabaret manager, and is thereafter a customer with a credit rating.
The individual's position in the company (title) and the size of the company are fairly clear indications of how much he is authorized to spend on each visit to the cabaret, and this is understood by the cabaret and generally not abused (prices are often more or less understood rather than being set).
THE IZAKAYA (EE-ZAH-KAH-YAH) PUBS
One type of drinking establishment that originated during the Edo period (1603-1868), but was modernized in the 1970s, is known as izakaya (ee-zah-kah-yah), which were working men's taverns in the old days but are now popularly referred to as pubs, and cater especially to the young who have modest entertainment budgets.
Today's izakaya mix the traditional Japanese tavern and the fast-food restaurant concept in a combination that attracts the young in droves. There are many izakaya chains, with Yoro no Taki (Yoe-roe no Tah-kee) being the largest (and rapidly spreading to the American West Coast). Yoro no Taki has some 1,800 branches in Japan, most of which are franchises.
The big attraction of the izakaya are the low prices for the basic alcoholic beverages (sake, beer and shochu), good solid food and the fact that they cater to women as well as men. The main food items at Toro no Taki are sashimi, yakitori, pot dishes, salads, melted cheese on tofu or shrimp, turkey nuggets, and ravioli.
Another of the izakaya chains is Tsuhachi (T'sue-hah-chee), with some 400 outlets), which offers such things as potato pizza, Chinese dishes and desserts of blueberry yogurt and ice cream. Calorie-counts are listed on each item, and ones that are classified as "health foods" are flagged with a pink heart.
Another of the more unusual izakaya is the Murasaki (Muu-rah-sah-kee) chain, which combines the atmosphere of a cafe-bar with a furusato izakaya (fuu-rue-sah-toe ee-zah-kah-yah), or "hometown tavern." With nearly 650 outlets, Murasaki emphasizes food rather than drinks, with such menu choices as whale bacon, salted squid intestines, melted cheese on tofu and Italian salads. Its drinks feature banana, apple and pineapple juices mixed with shochu. Another well-known izakaya chain: Hachitsu.
"SINGING BARS"
One of the most popular types of bar in Japan today is the karaoke (kah-rah-oh-kay) bar, or bars that provide microphones, sound equipment and tape-decks for patrons who want to sing to the company of orchestra-like music. Karaoke means "empty orchestra," and refers to the illusion that the singer is performing with a live orchestra.
There are thousands of such bars in Japan, and it is a matter of personal pride that everyone who goes into such a place, try his or her hand at singing in public. Most Japanese practice singing several songs in private (often for years) so they won't be embarrassed when they are called on to perform in public.
Performing in a karaoke bar means more to most Japanese businessmen than just having a good time. Besides relieving stress and providing personal satisfaction, such performances are seen by many as important to one's overall character and personality — as an accomplishment that is similar to such traditional but now rare arts of calligraphy, and composing haiku poetry, which were marks of cultural attainment.
In explaining the importance of the karaoke bars to foreign guests, the Japanese businessman will often say that you must understand karaoke in order to understand the Japanese, and that if you truly want to communicate with them you must learn how to sing along with them as well as perform on your own. There is a great deal of validity to this firmly held and often expressed belief which obviously accounts for the number and popularity of such bars.
The fact that very few Westerners, particularly Americans, can carry a tune, much less sing decently, is a social handicap when they are in Japan visiting or on business. My advice is to learn at least one song, even if it is as simple as "Old Grey Mare" or "I've Been Working on the Railroad."
Notwithstanding all of the new and different kinds of drinking and carousing establishments Japan, cabarets remain the favorite of middle-aged and older men who can afford the cost because they combine drinking with the attention of very attractive young women who are either available or work very hard to give that impression.
Even though cabaret customers may not end up trysting with their favorite hostesses, they go back time and again for the sexual lift they get— and end up drinking an awful lot of alcohol. For no where in the world have the purveyors of male-oriented "recreation" become more skilled at "selling sex in a glass" than the operators of Japan's cabarets and their cadre of hostesses.
source: http://www.davidappleyard.com/japan/jp23.htm
Read More......
Monday, November 29, 2010
Recreation and Amusement Association
The Recreation and Amusement Association (特殊慰安施設協会, tokushu-ian-shisetsu-kyōkai?) (RAA), or more literally Special Comfort Facility Association, was the official euphemism for the prostitution centers arranged for occupying U.S. armed forces by the Japanese Government after World War II. [2].
Founding
The RAA was created on August 28, 1945 by the Japanese Home Ministry and a civilian organization through joint capital investment (50 million yen each), officially to contain the sexual urges of the occupation forces, protect the main Japanese populace from rape and preserve the purity of the Japanese race. The official declaration of 19 August 1945 stated that "Through the sacrifice of thousands of 'Okichis' of the Shōwa era, we shall construct a dike to hold back the mad frenzy of the occupation troops and cultivate and preserve the purity of our race long into the future..."[3] The RAA's own slogan was "For the country, a sexual breakwater to protect Japanese women" (お国のために日本女性を守る性の防波堤?).
In September, the system was extended to cover the entire country. Allied GHQ (General Headquarters) commandeered these institutions (22 places of prostitution) on September 28 because rapes by the occupation army soldiers were frequent.[4][5][dubious – discuss]
Unlike wartime "comfort women" forced to serve Japanese forces, most employees of the RAA were Japanese women, mostly prostitutes and others recruited by advertisement as well as through agents. However, there are testimonies from some women saying that they were coerced into service as bonded labor, and some Japanese sources even assert that the centers were in fact set up by GHQ's demand.[5]
The price for a sex act was 15 ¥Yen (US $1 in 1945, US$ 8.94 in 2009[6]); soldiers paid beforehand and received a ticket and a condom in return.
In January 1946, the RAA was terminated by an order to cease all "public" prostitution.[7] The ban is traditionally attributed to the efforts of former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. General Douglas MacArthur declared all places of prostitution off limits in an attempt to counter the spread of sexually transmitted diseases on March 25, 1946 as by then more than a quarter of all American GIs in the Japanese occupation forces had a sexually transmitted disease.[1]
References
[1] Eric Talmadge Associated Press (April 27, 2007). "Japan provided women to U.S. troops" (HTML). Deseret News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/m...6?tag=untagged. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
[2] Eric Talmadge (April 25, 2007), GIs frequented Japan's 'comfort women, Washington Post, http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkxMJjo...042501801.html, retrieved 2008-07-02
[3] Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, 2001, p. 538, citing Kinkabara Samon and Takemae Eiji, Showashi : kokumin non naka no haran to gekido no hanseiki-zohoban, 1989, p.244 .
[4] Tadasu, Nakanishi. Nagoya Senran Monogatari, Tokyo Bungeisya: 2005. ISBN 4-8355-7606-3
[5]Yoshihiko, Amino. Tyuuse no Hijin to Yuujyo, Tokyo Koudansya: 2004. ISBN 4-06-159694-2
[6] Until Aug 1946 the US dollar was pegged to the YEN at $USD 1 = 15 YEN
[7] Douglas Slaymaker (200), The Body in Postwar Japanese Fiction, Routledge, p. 42, ISBN 0415322251
source: wikipedia
Read More......
Founding
The RAA was created on August 28, 1945 by the Japanese Home Ministry and a civilian organization through joint capital investment (50 million yen each), officially to contain the sexual urges of the occupation forces, protect the main Japanese populace from rape and preserve the purity of the Japanese race. The official declaration of 19 August 1945 stated that "Through the sacrifice of thousands of 'Okichis' of the Shōwa era, we shall construct a dike to hold back the mad frenzy of the occupation troops and cultivate and preserve the purity of our race long into the future..."[3] The RAA's own slogan was "For the country, a sexual breakwater to protect Japanese women" (お国のために日本女性を守る性の防波堤?).
In September, the system was extended to cover the entire country. Allied GHQ (General Headquarters) commandeered these institutions (22 places of prostitution) on September 28 because rapes by the occupation army soldiers were frequent.[4][5][dubious – discuss]
Unlike wartime "comfort women" forced to serve Japanese forces, most employees of the RAA were Japanese women, mostly prostitutes and others recruited by advertisement as well as through agents. However, there are testimonies from some women saying that they were coerced into service as bonded labor, and some Japanese sources even assert that the centers were in fact set up by GHQ's demand.[5]
The price for a sex act was 15 ¥Yen (US $1 in 1945, US$ 8.94 in 2009[6]); soldiers paid beforehand and received a ticket and a condom in return.
In January 1946, the RAA was terminated by an order to cease all "public" prostitution.[7] The ban is traditionally attributed to the efforts of former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. General Douglas MacArthur declared all places of prostitution off limits in an attempt to counter the spread of sexually transmitted diseases on March 25, 1946 as by then more than a quarter of all American GIs in the Japanese occupation forces had a sexually transmitted disease.[1]
References
[1] Eric Talmadge Associated Press (April 27, 2007). "Japan provided women to U.S. troops" (HTML). Deseret News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/m...6?tag=untagged. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
[2] Eric Talmadge (April 25, 2007), GIs frequented Japan's 'comfort women, Washington Post, http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkxMJjo...042501801.html, retrieved 2008-07-02
[3] Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, 2001, p. 538, citing Kinkabara Samon and Takemae Eiji, Showashi : kokumin non naka no haran to gekido no hanseiki-zohoban, 1989, p.244 .
[4] Tadasu, Nakanishi. Nagoya Senran Monogatari, Tokyo Bungeisya: 2005. ISBN 4-8355-7606-3
[5]Yoshihiko, Amino. Tyuuse no Hijin to Yuujyo, Tokyo Koudansya: 2004. ISBN 4-06-159694-2
[6] Until Aug 1946 the US dollar was pegged to the YEN at $USD 1 = 15 YEN
[7] Douglas Slaymaker (200), The Body in Postwar Japanese Fiction, Routledge, p. 42, ISBN 0415322251
source: wikipedia
Read More......
MARIJUANA
The history of marijuana use reaches back farther than many would guess. Cultivation of the Cannabis sativa plant dates back thousands of years. The first written account of cannabis cultivation (ostensibly used as medical marijuana) is found in Chinese records dating from 28 B.C. That means Chinese cultures were growing marijuana more than 2,000 years ago. However, the plant may have been cultivated long before then -- there have been reports of a nearly 3,000-year-old Egyptian mummy containing traces of THC, the main psychoactive chemical in marijuana.
Cannabis sativa is perhaps the most recognizable plant in the world. Pictures of the ubiquitous green cannabis leaf show up in the news media, textbooks and drug-prevention literature, and the leaf's shape is made into jewelry, put on bumper stickers and clothing and spray-painted on walls. The leaves are arranged palmately, radiating from a common center like the fingers of a hand spreading apart. Although most people know what the cannabis plant looks like, they may know very little about its horticulture.
Cannabis sativa is believed to be a native plant of India, where it possibly originated in a region just north of the Himalayan mountains. It's a herbaceous annual that can grow to a height of between 13 and 18 feet (4 to 5.4 meters). The plant has flowers that bloom from late summer to mid-fall. Cannabis plants usually have one of two types of flowers, male or female, and some plants have both. Male flowers grow in elongated clusters along the leaves and turn yellow and die after blossoming. Female flowers grow in spikelike clusters and remain dark green for a month after blossoming, until the seed ripens. Hashish, which is more powerful than marijuana, is made from the resin of the cannabis flowers.
Marijuana plants contain more than 400 chemicals, 60 of which fit into a category called cannabinoids. THC is just one of these cannabinoids, but it's the chemical most often associated with the effects that marijuana has on the brain. Cannabis plants also contain choline, eugenol, guaicacol and piperidine. The concentration of THC and other cannabinoids varies depending on growing conditions, plant genetics and processing after harvest. You'll learn more about the potency of THC and the toxicity of marijuana next. Read More......
Cannabis sativa is perhaps the most recognizable plant in the world. Pictures of the ubiquitous green cannabis leaf show up in the news media, textbooks and drug-prevention literature, and the leaf's shape is made into jewelry, put on bumper stickers and clothing and spray-painted on walls. The leaves are arranged palmately, radiating from a common center like the fingers of a hand spreading apart. Although most people know what the cannabis plant looks like, they may know very little about its horticulture.
Cannabis sativa is believed to be a native plant of India, where it possibly originated in a region just north of the Himalayan mountains. It's a herbaceous annual that can grow to a height of between 13 and 18 feet (4 to 5.4 meters). The plant has flowers that bloom from late summer to mid-fall. Cannabis plants usually have one of two types of flowers, male or female, and some plants have both. Male flowers grow in elongated clusters along the leaves and turn yellow and die after blossoming. Female flowers grow in spikelike clusters and remain dark green for a month after blossoming, until the seed ripens. Hashish, which is more powerful than marijuana, is made from the resin of the cannabis flowers.
Marijuana plants contain more than 400 chemicals, 60 of which fit into a category called cannabinoids. THC is just one of these cannabinoids, but it's the chemical most often associated with the effects that marijuana has on the brain. Cannabis plants also contain choline, eugenol, guaicacol and piperidine. The concentration of THC and other cannabinoids varies depending on growing conditions, plant genetics and processing after harvest. You'll learn more about the potency of THC and the toxicity of marijuana next. Read More......
Friday, November 26, 2010
Pixie Love
in the heart is only one name
that is in my sincere desire
loyalty is not going unchallenged beautiful
is just a fairy love yourself
fort so high it is difficult to reach me
I'm for you, you for me
but all of what our faith may be different
god is one, we are not the same
Should I then go though love can not go
fort so high it is difficult to reach me
I'm for you, you for me
but all of what our faith may be different
god is one, we are not the same
Should I then go though love can not go
not the gift of love to give me a chance
tuk guard soul oooh
(I'm for you, you for me
but all of what our faith may be different)
god is one, we are not the same
Should I then go though love can not go
(I'm for you, you for me
but all of what our faith may be different)
god is one, we are not the same
Should I then go though love can not go Read More......
that is in my sincere desire
loyalty is not going unchallenged beautiful
is just a fairy love yourself
fort so high it is difficult to reach me
I'm for you, you for me
but all of what our faith may be different
god is one, we are not the same
Should I then go though love can not go
fort so high it is difficult to reach me
I'm for you, you for me
but all of what our faith may be different
god is one, we are not the same
Should I then go though love can not go
not the gift of love to give me a chance
tuk guard soul oooh
(I'm for you, you for me
but all of what our faith may be different)
god is one, we are not the same
Should I then go though love can not go
(I'm for you, you for me
but all of what our faith may be different)
god is one, we are not the same
Should I then go though love can not go Read More......
Saturday, April 18, 2009
(story) A Box Full of Kisses
The story goes that some time ago, a man punished his 3-year-old daughter for wasting a roll of gold wrapping paper. Money was tight and he became infuriated when the child tried to decorate a box to put under the Christmas tree. Nevertheless, the little girl brought the gift to her father the next morning and said, "This is for you, Daddy."
The man was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction, but his anger flared again when he found out the box was empty. He yelled at her, stating, "Don't you know, when you give someone a present, there is supposed to be something inside? The little girl looked up at him with tears in her eyes and cried, "Oh, Daddy, it's not empty at all. I blew kisses into the box. They're all for you, Daddy."
The father was crushed. He put his arms around his little girl, and he begged for her forgiveness.
Only a short time later, an accident took the life of the child. It is also told that her father kept that gold box by his bed for many years and, whenever he was discouraged, he would take out an imaginary kiss and remember the love of the child who had put it there.
In a very real sense, each one of us, as humans beings, have been given a gold container filled with unconditional love and kisses... from our children, family members, friends, and God. There is simply no other possession, anyone could hold, more precious than this.
Read More......
The man was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction, but his anger flared again when he found out the box was empty. He yelled at her, stating, "Don't you know, when you give someone a present, there is supposed to be something inside? The little girl looked up at him with tears in her eyes and cried, "Oh, Daddy, it's not empty at all. I blew kisses into the box. They're all for you, Daddy."
The father was crushed. He put his arms around his little girl, and he begged for her forgiveness.
Only a short time later, an accident took the life of the child. It is also told that her father kept that gold box by his bed for many years and, whenever he was discouraged, he would take out an imaginary kiss and remember the love of the child who had put it there.
In a very real sense, each one of us, as humans beings, have been given a gold container filled with unconditional love and kisses... from our children, family members, friends, and God. There is simply no other possession, anyone could hold, more precious than this.
Read More......
Thursday, March 5, 2009
Live a life that matters...
Ready or not, some day it will all come to an end. There will be no more
sunrises, no minutes, hours or days. All the things you collected, whether
treasured or forgotten, will pass to someone else. Your wealth, fame and
temporal power will shrivel to irrelevance. It will not matter what you owned
or what you were owed. Your grudges, resentments, frustrations, and jealousies
will finally disappear. So, too, your hopes, ambitions, plans, and to-do lists
will expire.The wins and losses that once seemed so important will fade away.
It won't matter where you came from, or on what side of the tracks you
lived, at the end. It won't matter whether you were beautiful or brilliant.
Even your gender and skin color will be irrelevant.
So what will matter ? How will the value of your days be measured ?
What will matter is not what you bought, BUT what you built.
What will matter is not what you got, BUT what you gave.
What will matter is not your success, BUT your significance.
What will matter is not what you learned, BUT what you taught.
What will matter is every act of integrity, compassion, courage or sacrifice
that enriched, empowered or encouraged others to emulate your example.
What will matter is not your competence, BUT your character.
What will matter is not how many people you knew, BUT how many will feel a
lasting loss when you're gone.
What will matter is not your memories, BUT the memories that live in those who
loved you.
What will matter is how long you will be remembered, by whom and for what.
Living a life that matters doesn't happen by accident. It's not a
matter of circumstance but of choice.
Choose to live a life that matters.
Read More......
sunrises, no minutes, hours or days. All the things you collected, whether
treasured or forgotten, will pass to someone else. Your wealth, fame and
temporal power will shrivel to irrelevance. It will not matter what you owned
or what you were owed. Your grudges, resentments, frustrations, and jealousies
will finally disappear. So, too, your hopes, ambitions, plans, and to-do lists
will expire.The wins and losses that once seemed so important will fade away.
It won't matter where you came from, or on what side of the tracks you
lived, at the end. It won't matter whether you were beautiful or brilliant.
Even your gender and skin color will be irrelevant.
So what will matter ? How will the value of your days be measured ?
What will matter is not what you bought, BUT what you built.
What will matter is not what you got, BUT what you gave.
What will matter is not your success, BUT your significance.
What will matter is not what you learned, BUT what you taught.
What will matter is every act of integrity, compassion, courage or sacrifice
that enriched, empowered or encouraged others to emulate your example.
What will matter is not your competence, BUT your character.
What will matter is not how many people you knew, BUT how many will feel a
lasting loss when you're gone.
What will matter is not your memories, BUT the memories that live in those who
loved you.
What will matter is how long you will be remembered, by whom and for what.
Living a life that matters doesn't happen by accident. It's not a
matter of circumstance but of choice.
Choose to live a life that matters.
Read More......
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